Baibazarova, E. Influence of prenatal maternal stress, maternal plasma cortisol and cortisol in the amniotic fluid on birth outcomes and child temperament at 3 months.
Psychoneuroendocrinology 38, — Bartlett, A. Beijers, R. Mechanisms underlying the effects of prenatal psychosocial stress on child outcomes: beyond the HPA axis. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 23, — Bleker, L. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system reactivity in children prenatally exposed to maternal depression: a systematic review of prospective studies.
Bortz, J. Google Scholar. Bosquet Enlow, M. Maternal sensitivity and infant autonomic and endocrine stress responses. Early Hum. Brennan, P. Maternal depression and infant cortisol: influences of timing, comorbidity and treatment.
Child Psychol. Psychiatry 49, — Bright, M. Do infants show a cortisol awakening response? Britton, J. Maternal anxiety: course and antecedents during the early postpartum period. Anxiety 25, — Buss, C. Maternal cortisol over the course of pregnancy and subsequent child amygdala and hippocampus volumes and affective problems.
Chong, S. Anxiety and depression during pregnancy and temperament in early infancy: findings from A multi-ethnic, Asian, prospective birth cohort study. Infant Ment Health J. Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Conradt, E. Infant Behav. Davis, E. The timing of prenatal exposure to maternal cortisol and psychosocial stress is associated with human infant cognitive development.
Child Dev. De Carli, P. The expectant social mind: a systematic review of face processing during pregnancy and the effect of depression and anxiety. Development of cortisol circadian rhythm in infancy. Ehlers, A. Endendijk, J. Infant Ment Health. J 38, — Enders, C. Applied Missing Data Analysis.
New York, N. Y: Guilford Press. Fairbrother, N. Perinatal anxiety disorder prevalence and incidence. Faul, F. Methods 41, — Methods 39, — Feldman, R. Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University. Mutual influences between child emotion regulation and parent-child reciprocity support development across the first 10 years of life: implications for developmental psychopathology. Maternal depression and anxiety across the postpartum year and infant social engagement, fear regulation, and stress reactivity.
Psychiatry 48, — Feng, C. Log-transformation and its implications for data analysis. Shanghai Arch. Field, T. Anxiety and anger effects on depressed mother-infant spontaneous and imitative interactions. Gianino, A. Field, P. McCabe, and N.
Graignic-Philippea, R. Effects of prenatal stress on fetal and child development: a critical literature review. Gunnar, M. The neurobiology of stress and development. Social regulation of the cortisol levels in early human development. Psychoneuroendocrinology 27, — Stressor paradigms in developmental studies: what does and does not work to produce mean increases in salivary cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34, — Haley, D. Infant stress and parent responsiveness: regulation of physiology and behavior during still-face and reunion.
Hannigan, L. Maternal prenatal depressive symptoms and risk for early-life psychopathology in offspring: genetic analyses in the norwegian mother and child birth cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry 5, — Hettema, J. A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Psychiatry , — Hocher, B. More than genes: the advanced fetal programming hypothesis. Jansen, J. Cortisol reactivity in young infants. Psychoneuroendocrinology 35, — Kaitz, M. Early psychosocial exposures, hair cortisol levels, and disease risk.
Pediatrics , e—e Lebowitz, E. Cross-generational influences on childhood anxiety disorders: pathways and mechanisms. Leclere, C. Why synchrony matters during mother-child interactions: a systematic review. PLoS One 9:e Lin, Y. Little, R. A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values.
Loomans, E. Antenatal maternal anxiety is associated with problem behaviour at age five. Low, N. BMC Psychiatry Luecken, L. Prenatal stress, partner support, and infant cortisol reactivity in low-income Mexican American families. Madigan, S.
A meta-analysis of maternal prenatal depression and anxiety on child socioemotional development. Psychiatry 5, Infant Child Dev. Martinez-Torteya, C. Maternal parenting predicts infant biobehavioral regulation among women with a history of childhood maltreatment. McMahon, C. Pregnancy-specific anxiety, ART conception and infant temperament at 4 months post-partum.
Miller, R. Transformation techniques for cross-sectional and longitudinal endocrine data: application to salivary cortisol concentrations. Mohler, E. Emotional stress in pregnancy predicts human infant reactivity. Montirosso, R. Mughal, M. Trajectories of maternal stress and anxiety from pregnancy to three years and child development at 3 years of age: findings from the All Our Families AOF pregnancy cohort.
Effects of maternal anxiety disorders on infant self-comforting behaviors: the role of maternal bonding. Infant Gend. Muller, M. What dyadic reparation is meant to do: an association with infant cortisol reactivity. Psychopathology 48, — Murray, L. The effects of maternal social phobia on mother-infant interactions and infant social responsiveness.
Psychiatry 48, 45— Parenting by anxious mothers: effects of disorder subtype, context and child characteristics. Psychiatry 53, — Nazzari, S. Beyond the HPA-axis: Exploring maternal prenatal influences on birth outcomes and stress reactivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology , — Neuenschwander, R. Nicol-Harper, R. Interactions between mothers and infants: impact of maternal anxiety.
Oberlander, T. Prenatal exposure to maternal depression, neonatal methylation of human glucocorticoid receptor gene NR3C1 and infant cortisol stress responses. Epigenetics 3, 1—9. PubMed Abstract Google Scholar. A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors. Both conditions may make it hard to take care of yourself and your baby.
Depression and anxiety are common and treatable so talk to your provider if you feel depressed or anxious. If you have these conditions before pregnancy, talk to your provider before stopping or starting any medications.
Quitting suddenly can cause serious problems for you and your baby. If you need to stop taking medicine or switch medicines, your health care provider can help you make changes safely.
Neighborhood stress. Some women may have stress from living in a neighborhood with poverty and crime. Some women may face stress from racism during their lives. This may help explain why African-American women in the United States are more likely to have premature and low-birthweight babies than women from other racial or ethnic groups.
Pregnancy-related stress. Some women may feel serious stress about pregnancy. If you feel this way, talk to your health care provider. How does stress cause pregnancy problems? Other ways stress can cause pregnancy problems include: Normal pregnancy discomforts, like trouble sleeping, body aches and morning sickness may feel even worse with stress You may have problems eating, like not eating enough or eating too much.
This can make you underweight or cause you to gain too much weight during pregnancy. It also may increase your risk of having gestational diabetes and preterm labor. Stress may lead to high blood pressure during pregnancy. This puts you at risk of a serious high blood pressure condition called preeclampsia , premature birth and having a low-birthweight infant. Stress also may affect how you respond to certain situations. Some women deal with stress by smoking cigarettes , drinking alcohol or taking street drugs , which can lead to serious health problems in you and you baby.
How can post-traumatic stress disorder affect pregnancy? People with PTSD may have: Serious anxiety Flashbacks of the event Nightmares Physical responses like a racing heartbeat or sweating when reminded of the event Women who have PTSD may be more likely than women without it to have a premature or low-birthweight baby.
How can you reduce stress during pregnancy? Here are some ways to help you reduce stress: Know that the discomforts of pregnancy are only temporary. Ask your provider about how to handle these discomforts. Stay healthy and fit. Exercise can help reduce stress and also helps prevent common pregnancy discomforts. For example, ask your partner to help with chores around the house. Try relaxation activities, like prenatal yoga or meditation. They can help you manage stress and prepare for labor and birth.
Take a childbirth education class so you know what to expect during pregnancy and when your baby arrives. Practice the breathing and relaxation methods you learn in your class. Use any time off you may have to get extra time to relax.
Here are some ways to reduce stress with the help of others: Have a good support network, which may include your partner, family and friends. Or ask your provider about resources in the community that may be helpful. If you think you may have depression or anxiety talk to your provider right away.
Ask for help from people you trust. Accept help when they offer. For example, you may need help cleaning the house, or you may want someone to go with you to your prenatal visits. Last reviewed: October, Some experts believe that prolonged bouts of severe stress like a death in the family, losing a job, etc. But will a rough deadline or two at the office, or the occasional spat with your mom or sister, pose these same risks? Probably not. Some studies have shown that the effects of chronic stress on a fetus are minimal, and that an expectant mom tends to suffer much more than her baby does.
Chronic stress can cause a number of physical symptoms like sleep problems, digestive issues, headaches, muscle tension, and high blood pressure, for example. The important thing to remember is that we all experience stress, and when you're pregnant it's natural that every emotion can be heightened thanks to those crazy hormones , including the negative ones. A study published in Endocrinology found that stress in the first trimester can actually affect the microbes that reside in an expectant mother's vagina.
These microbes are transferred to the newborn during vaginal birth , resulting in changes to the little one's gut microbiome and brain development. In turn, the affected microbes impact the infant's immune system and metabolism. Scientists believe that the altered gut microbiota is linked to a greater risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism and schizophrenia. These effects were observed in a University of Pennsylvania lab in pregnant mice who had to endure such stressors as unfamiliar noises, predator odors, and being restrained.
This all occurred during early gestation, or what might be considered the first trimester. Some of the team's previous work also looked at stress during mid and late pregnancy, but they didn't find these periods to be as vulnerable.
0コメント