It runs vertically in the vertical plane between the trachea and the spine. Emergencies that involve the esophagus are usually due to upper GI bleeding from esophageal varices caused by alcoholism. Far from the suffering being hysterical, it happens for no reason but can also be due to a scratched throat or spasm. It also holds its own reserve of red blood cells and platelets which it can release in emergencies.
It is an immunological organ responsible for the production of different types of immune cells and exposing those immune cells to bacteria in the blood, ensuring timely removal of these pathogens. Emergencies involving the spleen are usually involving rupture from trauma, with severe LUQ and left shoulder blade pain.
Kidneys also help regulate fluid balance and play a role in blood pressure in the body. Emergencies include obstruction due to stone nephrolithiasis or infection pyelonephritis. Most bladder emergencies involve obstruction, urinary retention, or infection " cystitis ".
LIVER: The liver is the body's largest solid organ and is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen under the diaphragm. The liver helps keep the body detoxified, regulates glycogen storage, and secretes bile to help in digestion. Its capsule can swell with congestive heart failure or infection, causing severe RUQ pain, vomiting, and referred pain to the right shoulder blade. It is what gives stool its brown color. Emergencies of the gallbladder include stone obstruction cholelithiasis and infection cholecystitis.
PANCREAS: The pancreas is a glandular endocrine organ that sits behind the stomach and secretes insulin and glucagon, but also serves as an exocrine organ to produce other enzymes that assist in digestion and the absorption of nutrients. Its exocrine duct empties into the duodenum. Pain in this area is generally associated with appendicitis. The left illiac region contains part of the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and the left illiac fossa.
It is also commonly called the left inguinal region. The hypogastric region below the stomach contains the organs around the pubic bone. These include bladder, part of the sigmoid colon, the anus, and many organs of the reproductive system, such as the uterus and ovaries in females and the prostate in males. Learning Objectives Distinguish among the abdominopelvic regions of the body.
Key Points The abdominopelvic cavity can be subdivided into four quadrants and nine areas. The quadrants are labeled by location: the right upper, right lower, left upper, and left lower quadrants. The nine regions are smaller than the four abdominopelvic quadrants and include the right hypochondriac, right lumbar, right illiac, epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric or pubic , left hypochondriac, left lumbar, and left illiac divisions. The perineum is sometimes considered to be the tenth division.
The purpose of the abdominal divisions is to describe regional anatomy in the abdomen, and to help clinicians determine which organ and tissues are involved in a disease based on which regions experience pain. Key Terms left upper quadrant : The left upper quadrant is the location of the left portion of the liver, the larger portion of the stomach, the pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of the transverse and descending colon, and parts of the small intestine.
Right upper quadrant : The right upper quadrant contains the right portion of the liver, gallbladder, right kidney, a small portion of the stomach, portions of the ascending and transverse colon, and parts of the small intestine. Abdominal Four Quadrants The abdominopelvic region can be divided into four quadrants. Right Upper Quadrant The right upper quadrant contains the right portion of the liver, the gallbladder, right kidney, a small portion of the stomach, the duodenum, the head of the pancreas, portions of the ascending and transverse colon, and parts of small intestine.
Left Upper Quadrant The left upper quadrant is the location of the left portion of the liver, part of the stomach, the pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of the transverse and descending colon, and parts of the small intestine. Right Lower Quadrant In the right lower quadrant sits the cecum, appendix, part of the small intestines, the right half of the female reproductive system, and the right ureter. Left Lower Quadrant The left lower quadrant houses the majority of the small intestine, some of the large intestine, the left half of the female reproductive system, and the left ureter.
Abdominal Nine Divisions The nine divisions of the abdominopelvic region are smaller than the four quadrants, allowing for a more detailed discussion. Right Hypochondriac The right hypochondriac region contains the right portion of the liver, the gallbladder, the right kidney, and parts of the small intestine. Left Hypochondriac The left hypochondriac region contains part of the spleen, the left kidney, part of the stomach, the pancreas, and parts of the colon. Epigastric The epigastric above stomach region contains the majority of the stomach, part of the liver, part of the pancreas, part of the duodenum, part of the spleen, and the adrenal glands.
Right Lumbar The right lumbar region consists of the gallbladder, the left kidney, part of the liver, and the ascending colon. Take our free and quick! Also, you might want to watch more of our anatomy and physiology lectures on YouTube, or check our anatomy and physiology notes.
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