Interestingly, the subjects' craving or desire for the milkshake was proportionally linked to the amount of dopamine released in particular brain areas at the first tasting. But the higher the craving, the less delayed post-ingestive dopamine was released. On the other hand, our desire seems to suppress gut-induced dopamine release," says Heiko Backes, group leader for Multimodal Imaging of Brain Metabolism at the Institute, who is co-first author on the study with Sharmili Edwin Thanarajah.
Suppression of gut-induced release could potentially cause overeating of highly desired food items. Earlier experiments have demonstrated gut-induced dopamine release in mice, but this is the first time it has been shown in humans.
Materials provided by Cell Press. Note: Content may be edited for style and length. In terms of impact on treatment strategies, there are no currently proven treatments that reduce core symptoms in anorexia nervosa, such as eating-induced anxiety. According to the researchers, even though food is accompanied by severe anxiety, it is still critical to eat and gain weight in order to effectively treat this disorder.
Contributors to the study include Ursula F. Himes and Chester A. These results have been published on line in the International Journal of Eating Disorders. The anorexia nervosa treatment program at UC San Diego is using these new insights into differences in brain function to provide better understanding of behavior and develop more effective treatment strategies.
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In fact, after depriving the high-fat habituated rats of their human junk foods, the rats would refuse to eat their standard chow for an average of 14 days. If that translates over to us as a species, that's a major problem.
And humans are hardwired, thanks to eons of evolutionary selection, to seek high-calorie foods to keep us going through lean times. But with subsistence hunting, gathering and farming now little more than a niche lifestyle choice in wealthy nations, a brain set up to reward super-rich calorie snacks is more of a hazard than a help. He points out, however, that many of the food items widely available today, say cheeseburgers and milk shakes, are like superfoods in terms of their calorie quantities.
It's probably corrupting brain circuitry," he says. Unlike rats, however, most people know that many of these high-fat foods are not a wise choice, especially when consumed in large quantities. But many continue to eat in excess of basic energy requirements anyway, putting on unnecessary pounds and possibly reinforcing unhealthful behavior.
So the researchers designed an experiment to try to draw a parallel with the rats, training them to expect an electric shock when they saw a certain light cue.
Unlike their chow-fed counterparts, obese rats accustomed to the high-fat diet would keep right on gorging even when they knew a shock was coming.
Although the current work focused on high-fat foods, Kenny notes that the full neurochemical and behavioral changes might be due to "a combination of both sugar and fat. They found, for example, that animals binge-eating fats and animals binge-eating sugars experience different physiological effects. The big one-two punch for defeating healthy eating might in fact be a combination of neural effects from both of these ingredients.
And, indeed, the sweet spot for the lab rats in Kenny's study seemed to be the food item that contained high quantities of both fat and sugar: cheesecake. Sara Lee, to be precise, Kenny reports. Already a subscriber?
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