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Today, aqueduct arches too often give the impression that an aqueduct would look like this throughout its entire length. Charting the course of an aqueduct bridge across a valley was no difficulty for a Roman surveyor, and he marked a channel through a mountain using the same basic technique. Again, the theory was that of vertical right-angle triangles. However, the channel would have to have a gradient.
Once such surveying problems had been worked out and the proposed aqueduct line marked by posts, there was no further need for the professional librator.
It was now time for actual construction work to begin and any additional surveying requirements would be of such a nature that they involved only verifying adherence to the details defined by the librator. At this juncture the Contractors would have their Work crews already organized. Towns of moderate size could also offer a certain number of more specialized workers skilled in various aspects of heavier construction work.
Specialization among workmen had become rather highly developed by the first century A. On the aqueduct project, after they had finished their task of tunneling or excavating an open trench, then the ruderarii laid the rudus or crude rubble bedding of the channel. The silicarii or parietarii laid these stones in lime mortar. In this category also, ranked the arcuarii, men specializing in the building of vaults and arches.
Classified generally as artisans, the surveyors or libratores learned their skill ordinarily as apprentices to their fathers or to other surveyors. In some instances a librator may have had regular liberal arts schooling with subsequent studies under a geometrician. Trenching the path for an aqueduct was fairly routine work using iron picks, shovels, Wicker baskets, and even leather buckets. The same tools, in addition to chisels and mallets, were utilized for tunneling which was indeed much like mining.
To fracture rock the general practice seems to have been to build a fire on or against the rock surface, then throw vinegar on the heated rock. Cuniculus was the term used for a completed tunnel with its accompanying air shafts.
Pliny specified that the shafts should be no more than Roman feet each In tunneling through a mountain, it was probably the local gromatici and the men-sores who were responsible for maintaining the proper line and gradient already specified by the librator. That mistakes were made is shown by an inscription concerning the aqueduct at Saldae in Algeria ancient Mauretania.
Here the basic survey had been accomplished evidently in A. Not only was the librator able to correct the problem, but also to demonstrate that the fault lay not with his master survey but rather with the local surveyors who had not adhered to his specifications.
This tatter figure was calculated again on the basis of vertical right-angle triangles. At the lowest point of the valley, the librator set up his dioptra in the true line of the proposed channel.
The vertical height of the dioptra table above ground and the vertical heights of the disks above ground level were recorded. By moving the dioptra and the leveling rods further up the slope in steps, the surveyor was able to create on his papyrus sheet a series of right-angle triangles with measured lengths and heights. Following this same procedure in the opposite direction he determined locations and heights for piers going up the far slope of the valley to the point where the channel would arrive.
After a certain number of courses had been laid a mixture of rubble and cement was placed in the hollow center space. When the walls rose to a height at which the workmen found it difficult to proceed further from the ground level, beams were placed in or across the finished work so that they projected from the sides. This creation of platforms, supported by beams set into the masonry, was repeated again and again as the piers rose higher. From these platforms, not only could the walls be built but the rubble filling of the core could also be handled.
Instead, the stones would be set in layers by hand, then covered with the cement mixture which ran down among the stones. Since such a span ordinarily ran from 5 to 5. Next it would be time to construct the arches reaching from pier to pier. This could mean that the springs of the arches would be set in from the sides of the piers. Of course, for low aqueduct arches the scaffolding could rise directly from the ground. Stone or brick ribs were Iaid on the wooden frame, the horizontal sides above the piers were constructed, and cement and rubble were filled in behind.
Then the longitudinal side walls of the entire bridge were built up to the proper height. The space between these longitudinal walls was filled in with cement and rubble to the level of the water channel floor. Then this floor surface and the vertical side walls of the channel were coated with cement. Last of all the channel was covered with a vaulted or fiat roof. Vitruvius indicated that the entire water channel should be covered so that a minimum of sunlight would reach the water.
When all of the cement and concrete had set, then the wooden framing for the arches was removed. Similarly, the platforms around the piers were taken down and the supporting beams, imbedded in the masonry, were trimmed off. Removing them entirely would have damaged the masonry. These could be filled in or left as they were. In some instances the Roman engineers chose to avoid designing extremely high or long aqueduct bridges and, instead, carried the water across intervening valleys by siphons.
Today these are often termed reverse siphons, but in effect they were simply lead pipes run down one side, across the bottom, and up the other side of a valley. In fact, that was part of the point. And yet aqueduct construction sometimes faced familiar hurdles. For example, in 19 B. C, the Roman general and legendary builder, Agrippa, was constructing a new aqueduct, the Aqua Virgo, which approached the city from the east.
Agrippa was forced to divert the aqueduct to the north on a much longer course and negotiate a mix of public and private land use. Construction of new aqueducts — and other projects — ultimately faded across the Roman empire in the centuries leading up to its collapse in A.
And in the centuries that followed, the aqueducts would repeatedly fall into neglect and disrepair, only to be saved by last-ditch repair efforts that kept clean water flowing to the city of Rome. In fact, the Aqua Virgo, the aqueduct that Agrippa so carefully orchestrated, still flows through the city today.
Register or Log In. The Magazine Shop. Login Register Stay Curious Subscribe. Planet Earth. Newsletter Sign up for our email newsletter for the latest science news. Smaller pipes took the water to the secondary castella, and from those the water flowed through lead pipes to public fountains and baths, and even to some private homes. The empire stretched across an immense part of the world, and wherever the Romans went they built aqueducts — in as many as cities around the empire. Their arched bridges are among the best preserved relics of that empire, in part because many aqueducts kept working for centuries, long after the Romans had retreated.
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